|
NATURE ARTWORKS МИР ЖИВОЙ ПРИРОДЫ В ИСКУССТВЕ |
 |
|
NATURE ARTWORKS МИР ЖИВОЙ ПРИРОДЫ В ИСКУССТВЕ |
|
Николаус (Нильс, Николас) Стено (Стенон, Стенсен) (Ru) - Nicholas Steensen (lat. Steno, Stenonius) = Niels Stensen (En) (1638-1686)
Illustration from Steno's 1667 paper comparing the teeth of a
shark head with a fossil tooth.
Fossil shark teeth "Glossopetre".
(Ru) Николаус (Нильс, Николас) Стено (Стенон, Стенсен) (10.01.1638, Копенгаген - 25.11. 1686, Шверин)
Датский естествоиспытатель, натуралист. Анатом, врач, палеонтолог, геолог, кристаллограф.
1660 - Изучая анатомию человека, открыл проток околоушной слюнной железы,
названной его именем.
1664 - Описал строение мышц из продольных волокон и сделал попытку объяснить
механический процесс мышечного сокращения.
1664 - Первым установил мышечный характер сокращений сердца.
1667 - Обнаружил у живородящих рыб яичники. Установил тождество яичника млекопитающих с яичником яйцекладущих животных.
1669 - В работе "О твердом, естественно содержащемся в твердом" ("De solido intra solidum natuliter contento")
изложил результаты наблюдений, соответствующие современным представлениям о геологических слоях.
Основоположник геотектоники. Исследуя геологические слои на Аппенинском полуострове, высказал предположение о постепенном развитии структуры земной поверхности.
Установил закон постоянства углов кристаллов, описал кристаллы алмаза, кварца,
марказита. С его именем связывается также закон последовательности напластования
горных пород; он показал, что наклонное положение слоев осадочных пород является
следствием тектонических нарушений, и выявил значение несогласий.
(En) Nicholas Steensen (lat. Steno, Stenonius) = Niels Stensen (1638-1686)
Danish anatomist, geologist, paleontologist and ecclesiastic.
Contributions to paleontology and geology
In October 1666 two fishermen caught a huge shark near the
town of Livorno, and Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, ordered
its head to be sent to Steno. Steno dissected the head and published his
findings in 1667. He noted that the shark's teeth bore a striking resemblance to
certain stony objects, found embedded within rock formations, that his learned
contemporaries were calling glossopetrae or "tongue stones". Ancient
authorities, such as the Roman author Pliny the Elder, in his Naturalis
Historiae, had suggested that these stones fell from the sky or from the
moon. Others were of the opinion, also following ancient authors, that fossils
naturally grew in the rocks. Steno's contemporary Athanasius Kircher, for
example, attributed fossils to a "lapidifying virtue diffused through the whole
body of the geocosm", consided an inherent characteristic of the earth — an
Aristotelian approach. Steno, however, argued that glossopetrae looked like
shark teeth because they were shark teeth, derived from the mouths of ancient
sharks, and had been buried in mud or sand of the sea floor that now formed rock
on dry land. There were differences in composition between glossopetrae and
living sharks' teeth, but Steno argued, using the contemporary corpuscular
theory of matter, that the chemical composition of fossils could be altered
without changing their form.
come to be found inside another solid object, such as a rock or a layer of rock.
The "solid bodies within solids" that attracted Steno's interest included not
only fossils, as we would define them today, but minerals, crystals,
encrustations, veins, and even entire rock layers or strata. He published his
geologic studies in De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis
prodromus, or Preliminary discourse to a dissertation on a solid body naturally
contained within a solid in 1669. Steno was not the first to identify fossils as
being from living organisms; his contemporaries Robert Hooke and John Ray also
argued that fossils were the remains of once-living organisms.
Steno, in his Dissertationis prodromus of 1669 is credited with three of the
defining principles of the science of stratigraphy: the law of superposition:
"...at the time when any given stratum was being formed, all the matter resting
upon it was fluid, and, therefore, at the time when the lower stratum was being
formed, none of the upper strata existed"; the principle of original
horizontality: "Strata either perpendicular to the horizon or inclined to the
horizon were at one time parallel to the horizon"; the principle of lateral
continuity: "Material forming any stratum were continuous over the surface of
the Earth unless some other solid bodies stood in the way"; and the principle of
cross-cutting discontinuities: "If a body or discontinuity cuts across a
stratum, it must have formed after that stratum."[1] These principles were
applied and extended in 1772 by Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle.
Another principle, known simply as Steno's law, or Steno's law of constant
angles, states that the angles between corresponding faces on crystals are the
same for all specimens of the same mineral, a fundamental breakthrough that
formed the basis of all subsequent inquiries into crystal structure.
Niels Stensen is the only Dane who was ever canonized by the Pope, under the name of Nicolaus Steno.
Книги Н.Стено:
NICOLAUS STENO. Observationes Anatomicae, quibus Varia
Oris, Oculorum, & Narium Vasa describuntur. Leyden, 1662. Small 12mo, old
calf; plates.
"Niels Stensen, or Steno, of Copenhagen was, like Athanasius Kircher, a
physician-priest, and also like him, a man of wonderful versatility. He was at
once a great anatomist, physiologist, geologist, and theologian, and became
Bishop of Titiopolis some time after his conversion from the Lutheran to the
Catholic faith in 1667. In anatomy, his name is permanently associated with the
excretory duct of the parotid gland (Steno's duct), which he discovered in the
sheep in 1661" — Garrison.
NICOLAUS STENO. Elementorum Myologiae Specimen, seu Musculi descriptio
Geometrica. Florence, 1667. 4to, quarter vellum, with 7 folding plates (3
woodcuts, 4 engravings).
An important work on the physiology of the muscles. Steno was the first to
recognize that the muscles are the only active organs of animal motion. His
"further studies on the physiology of the muscles (1667) treat the subject from
a purely mechanical and mathematical standpoint, regarding the muscles as
parallelepiped bundles of structural units ... [He] opposed the view entertained
by Borelli that the increase in size of a muscle is due to the influx of
hypothetic juices" — Garrison. In this book Steno amplified and expanded the
theories of muscular action first adumbrated in his De Musculis of 1664.
Ссылки - Links
Биография
http://www.answers.com/topic/nicolas-steno?cat=technology
Биография http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Steno
(художники)
(ученые)
contaKKt me: bio-arts@mail.ru
